How Black Markets Work

Fact checked by Jared EckerReviewed by Julius MansaFact checked by Jared EckerReviewed by Julius Mansa

A black market is a transaction platform, whether physical or virtual, where goods or services are exchanged illegally. What makes the market “black” can be the illegal nature of the goods and services themselves, the illegal nature of the transaction, or both.

For example, while neither buying nor selling food is illegal, the transaction enters the black market when the good sold is illegal. And while it’s perfectly legal to sell hamburgers, when an all-cash restaurant does not remit to the state government the mandatory sales taxes on its transactions, it too has entered the black market.

Key Takeaways

• A black market is where illegal goods and services are exchanged or where transactions bypass legal requirements like taxes.
• These markets exist due to restrictions like licensing laws, taxation, or prohibitions, driving some to operate outside the legal system.
• Black markets deal with both illegal items like drugs, and legal goods traded without reporting income or paying taxes.
• While they can provide goods during shortages, they also contribute to crime, violence, and tax evasion.

Why Black Markets Exist

Black markets, also called shadow markets, come about when people want to exchange goods or services that are prohibited by governments. Black markets skew economic data, as transactions are unrecorded.

Black markets also arise when people don’t want to pay taxes on the transaction for legal or illegal goods or services. Some black markets exist simply because people don’t realize there are laws they aren’t following, such as bartering and not reporting the taxable value of the transaction, or hiring a regular housekeeper or babysitter but failing to pay employment taxes.

Licensure-Driven Black Market Conditions

The licensing restrictions that governments impose on numerous occupations cause some workers to enter the black market because they don’t want or can’t afford to invest the time and money to obtain the required licenses.

For example, in New York City, one must purchase a license called a medallion in order to legally operate a taxi business. These medallions cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, making them prohibitively expensive for most entrepreneurs. As a result, some people may choose to operate black-market taxis without a license—at least, until they are caught. Ride-sharing services like Uber or Lyft have further splintered the market for these types of businesses.

Trade-Driven Black Market Conditions

Sometimes participants in black markets don’t want to act illegally, but because they lack the ability to work legally and need to make money, they don’t report their jobs or income to the government. Such situations arise when illegal immigrants obtain jobs, when students traveling abroad obtain employment without acquiring a work visa, or when children work in violation of minimum age requirements.

Regulations-Driven Black Market Conditions

Black markets can also appear when government-imposed price ceilings create shortages. For example, if the government caps the price at which a grocery store may sell bottled water after a natural disaster, the store will quickly run out of water. Vendors will then likely appear selling water at the higher prices people are actually willing to pay. This secondary market is a black market.

Governments can also cause black markets through overregulation. An extreme example can be found in Cuba, where the rationing and ineffective central planning of communism made it difficult to purchase the desired quantities of even basic products such as cooking oil. Black markets are rampant because citizens want to buy things that are difficult to come by through legal channels. They’re also common because it’s so hard to find a job.

Economy-Driven Black Market Conditions

High unemployment can give rise to black markets. When workers can’t find jobs in the above-ground economy, they may turn to jobs in the underground economy. These jobs could be as innocuous as fixing a neighbor’s toilet (but being paid in cash and not reporting the income to the tax authorities) or as serious as selling cocaine (where not only the sale of the product itself but also the non-reporting of taxable income is illegal).

Note

Many black markets now exist on the web, known as the Dark Web, where illegal items can be bought and sold.

What Can You Buy on the Black Market?

Consumers can buy and sell numerous types of goods and services on the black market. Anything that is subject to the conditions described in the previous sections can show up in the underground economy. In the United States, we tend to think of illegal drugs, prostitution, designer knockoffs, and ticket scalping when we think of black markets.

More serious and lesser-known black markets operating worldwide include those in human organs, endangered species, babies, weapons, and slave labor (human trafficking).

Black markets also exist where people might never expect to find them. Online, it’s possible to buy an eBay account (to falsely obtain a favorable seller rating) and to buy Instagram followers (to inflate one’s perceived popularity).

The Case for Black Markets

Some people are in favor of black markets. These markets can supply goods that, while illegal (such as marijuana), arguably improve quality of life (for example, when used to alleviate pain for patients who haven’t found relief from legal pharmaceuticals).

Black markets can provide legal necessities that are in short supply, as in the case of everyday Cuba or a city hit by a hurricane. Also, the shadow economy makes it possible for people to earn a living who would otherwise be destitute or seek welfare—people who would be perfectly employable under less government regulation or in an economy with a higher employment rate.

Overall, the case for black markets is highly subjective and depends on one’s moral and ethical beliefs. If you think that drug use is a victimless crime, you might not have a problem with the black market for illegal drugs. If you think tax rates are too high, you might be happy to hire workers under the table.

The Case Against Black Markets

Black markets have a number of downsides, some of which are subjective, but many of which almost everyone would agree are serious problems.

Some black market goods are stolen from legitimate markets, taking business away from law-abiding entrepreneurs. While some consumers might not mind buying a stolen designer handbag at a discount because they think the retailer’s price is too high, others would be appalled if they knew that while they thought they were simply getting a bargain, they were really supporting an organized crime ring.

There is often a dark side to organized crime that goes beyond theft and the resale of stolen goods. This and other black-market activities are sometimes used to fund terrorism since the profits can’t easily be traced.

Violence is another problem inherent in black markets. Because these markets are unregulated, participants can’t rely on legitimate police protection in the event of theft or other crimes. If a drug dealer’s stash of cocaine is stolen by a rival dealer, he can’t ask the police to help him get his merchandise back.

The dealer might send one of his employees to shoot the thief and reclaim the stolen goods, further compounding the effects of the original crime.

Another argument against black markets is that because their participants don’t pay taxes, a heavier tax burden falls on law-abiding citizens.

What Is the Difference Between Gray Markets and Black Markets?

The difference between gray markets and black markets centers around the legality of the products and transactions. In black markets, both the goods or services and the transactions are illegal. Examples include the sale of drugs, weapons, or human trafficking, as well as legal goods sold without reporting taxes or adhering to regulations.

On the other hand, gray markets involve the sale of legal goods through unauthorized or unofficial channels, such as selling imported products without permission from the official distributor or before they are officially released. While black markets operate entirely outside the law, gray markets exist in a legal gray area where the goods are legal, but the manner in which they are sold is not fully legally compliant.

What Causes Black Markets to Exist?

When certain goods or services are highly regulated or illegal, making them difficult to obtain, black markets can arise around them. They also exist when people want to avoid paying taxes or abiding by other legal processes. Some examples that may cause black markets to exist include high taxes, government-imposed price controls, and restrictions on licenses.

What Types of Goods Are Sold on Black Markets?

There is a wide breadth of goods and services sold on black markets. Drugs, weapons, and counterfeit goods are common items sold on black markets. There are also black markets for human organs and endangered species. There can also be black markets for normal, everyday goods that are bought and sold to avoid paying taxes.

The Bottom Line

Black markets will continue to exist as long as there are regulations and taxes. Laws that prevent people from buying and selling desired goods and services, along with taxes that inhibit individuals from keeping what they believe is their fair share of income, create an environment where some people feel compelled to conceal their activities. This leads them to operate outside the bounds of the law.

Read the original article on Investopedia.