Many large institutions find themselves with money in employee retirement plans that needs to be managed, but by whom? The senior management of an airplane manufacturer or pharmaceutical company, for example, may not be the most qualified at knowing how to invest the funds of its employees’ pensions.
Besides, they may not have the expertise to pick the right portfolio manager to do this for them. This is where the institutional investment consultant comes in. These are the “gatekeepers” who allow asset managers the chance to manage money for large institutions.
Key Takeaways
- An institutional investment consultant provides investment advice to both private and public entities.
- Institutional investment consultants do slightly different work than personal investment consultants.
- Institutional investment consultants offer a wide range of services, including designing retirement plans for large organizations, arranging audits, and providing asset allocation advice.
Profile of the Typical Investment Consultant
An institutional investment consultant provides investment advice to public and private companies, foundations, and endowments looking for help managing their money or the money in their employees’ retirement funds. They are used widely in the United States, Europe, and Australia.
The profession started out helping corporations with their pension plans, which is why they are also referred to as pension consultants. Because their role has expanded beyond pension consulting, they are now known as institutional investment consultants.
Today, many retirement plans include defined contribution plans and 401(k)s in addition to, or in place of, defined benefit plans (pensions). Institutional investment consultants use their pension expertise to advise defined contribution plans and work with other institutions, such as university endowments.
In addition, the breadth of available asset classes has expanded. There are now many alternative investment classes (such as hedge funds or private equity) that an institution might need help navigating.
The typical large consultant group usually divides its consultants into field consultants and research consultants. The field consultants are the ones who meet with the clients. The research department mainly compiles the performance and other relevant information about the managers. From this research, consultants provide the “short list” of approved managers that the field consultants use to assess the best portfolio manager for a particular client.
A newer trend is for a consulting group’s research department to be compensated based on the return of the managers they select to be put on the short list. This is designed to align the interests of the research team with the interests of the client.
Needed Intermediary
Due to many investment managers, consultants are a necessary intermediary, providing an essential matching function. They match asset managers to their clients’ investment needs. Because this is a consultant’s area of expertise, they generally have screening methods and extensive contacts in the industry.
Investment consultants are often used in the due diligence process because some firms are either too small or lack the expertise to staff a department to search for investment managers. Even if it is a large, sophisticated firm, an investment consultant may be needed to help it appear unbiased in its decision making. The point is to make sure that the portfolio manager was selected based on appropriate criteria.
What They Offer
There are hundreds of consultants around the world that provide an extensive menu of services. The 20 to 30 major players seek to provide “one-stop shopping” for their clients concerning retirement assets management.
The most common services provided by these major players include:
- Plan design
- Development of investment objectives and investment policy statements
- Benchmark selection
- Operational audits
- Asset allocation advice
- Manager selection and monitoring
Asset Allocation Advice
For example, suppose a client needs asset allocation advice. In that case, they might be seeking answers to questions such as, “Should we be investing some assets in real estate?” or “Should we be investing more of the equity portfolio in emerging market securities?”
The institutional investment consultant can help guide clients toward the best asset allocation. A consultant can also help define the formal investment guidelines that will guide asset allocation (an investment policy statement). Or they can work within the constraints of previously established guidelines, paying attention to the risk/return profile of each asset class. However, their main business is to help clients (most commonly pension funds) choose the best portfolio manager.
A consultant in charge of finding the right portfolio manager must know what they do and how they do it. Because of this, the remainder of this article will focus on manager selection.
The Process
So how does a portfolio manager get new money? The process can be lengthy. Good performance brings in more money, but there is more to it than just generating good returns. As gatekeepers, if the consultants don’t know who the manager is, they will not give the manager access to a client’s money.
For an asset manager, it is essential to know how the game is played—they will need to be positioned to get noticed. There are specific measures that one can take to ensure this. One of them is being Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS) compliant. In the U.S., many investment consultants will not even consider a manager for their clients if they are not GIPS compliant.
There are other tactics that managers can use to have people dedicated to dealing with the consultant community. All asset managers have client service departments that help facilitate the manager’s relationship with clients. They are the client’s primary contact and can provide the monthly reports and answer one-off questions the client may have. This same relationship management concept is transferred to departments or individuals that help manage the asset manager’s relationship with the consultant community.
The Choice
From the consultants’ points of view, their job in picking an asset manager is to perform all of the due diligence necessary to select the best manager for a particular client. As part of this, many consultants have developed their databases. These databases track not only a manager’s performance numbers but also other relevant data points such as assets under management, portfolio manager tenure, and style information.
Important
Most of these databases are set up so that asset management firms send periodic updates to the consultants to refresh their information in the database.
The Decision
There is more to picking an asset manager besides performing screens and crunching the numbers. There are also qualitative factors and quantitative factors such as long-term returns or total assets under management.
Many proprietary databases also have features that allow the consultant to scan in notes from meetings with a manager. This helps consultants keep track of those intangibles that don’t make the screens. This qualitative aspect is why asset managers need to worry about their image within the consultant community. It’s not that you can fix the game by being “in” with a consultant, but it will give the manager an edge in the due diligence process if all else is equal.
Several activities are performed by a consultant when they are conducting a manager search. There is a progression that is followed, although the steps may not be performed in exact order. Some of the significant steps that lead to hiring include:
- Setting guidelines
- Database screening
- Selecting finalists
- Performance analysis
- Risk analysis
- Site visit
There are several other steps and sub-steps, but they all seek to answer the same question: “What manager is the best fit for this client?”
What Does an Institutional Investment Consultant Do?
An institutional investment consultant provides investment advice to public and private companies, foundations, and endowments looking for help managing their money or the money in their employees’ retirement funds.
Where Are Institutional Investment Consultants the Best Fit?
Institutional investment consultants are often used in the due diligence process because some firms are either too small or lack the expertise to staff a department to search for investment managers.
What Services Do Institutional Investment Consultants Offer?
The most common services provided by institutional investment consultants include asset allocation advice, benchmark selection, development of investment objectives and investment policy statements, manager selection and monitoring, operational audits, and plan design.
The Bottom Line
When people look at their vested pension benefits or 401(k) balance, they probably don’t think about the consultant who may have selected the team that is managing their retirement. However, they are there every day, working hard for companies everywhere.
As of 2024, retirement system assets are estimated to be $40 trillion, and consultants have helped place most of that money. These institutional investment consultants go about their business invisible to most of the population, but they significantly impact everyone’s futures.
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