Learn the A, B, C, and Ds of Medicare: What Parts Do You Really Need?

There are four parts of Medicare: Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D. In general, the four Medicare parts cover different services, so it’s essential that you understand the options so you can pick your Medicare coverage carefully.

Key Takeaways

• Medicare is the national health insurance program available to people 65 or older, younger people with disabilities, and people with end-stage renal disease.
• Part A covers hospital care, skilled nursing facility care, hospice care, and home health care.
• Part B covers visits to the doctor, lab tests, medical equipment, screenings, and a host of other outpatient services.
• Part D covers prescription drug benefits.
• Part C, also known as Medicare Advantage, is offered by private insurers and typically bundles Part A, Part B, and Part D benefits.

Maybe you’re getting close to the age of 65 or simply want to understand how Medicare works so you can help a family member or friend. While some people who sign up for Medicare are retired, others are still working. Whatever your situation, you become eligible for Medicare when you reach 65. If you already receive Social Security, you’ll be enrolled in Medicare automatically the month you turn 65. The card will arrive in the mail.

Important

In 2024, there were more than 67 million people enrolled in Medicare.

In addition, you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B if you are disabled and have received disability payments from Social Security for 24 months.

Medicare has evolved over the years and now has four parts. Some are mandatory, and others are optional.

Medicare Part A: Hospital Insurance

Medicare Part A covers the costs of hospitalization. This includes inpatient care at a hospital, skilled nursing facilities, hospice care, and home health care. For most people, there is no monthly cost for Part A if you or your spouse paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years. If you didn’t pay enough into Medicare, the premium for Part A is either $278 or $505 per month.

In 2024, a $1,632 deductible applies before Part A begins to cover hospitalization costs. At that point, you pay $0 for the first 60 days of coverage. Co-payments apply for stays beyond 60 days and you pay for the entirety of your hospital stay after 150 days.

Although Medicare Part A covers hospice care at an inpatient facility, it must be arranged through a Medicare-approved hospice provider.

Medicare Part B: Doctors and Tests

Medicare Part B covers visits to the doctor. This includes lab tests, home health care services, medical equipment, services a doctor provides while you’re a hospital inpatient, outpatient mental health care, and other outpatient services. Part B also covers cardiac rehabilitation, mammograms, cardiovascular screenings, diabetes screenings, flu shots, and a host of other preventive services.

You pay a monthly premium for Medicare Part B based on your annual income. A single person who earned $103,000 or less (or a married couple earning $206,000 or less) would pay $174.70 per month in 2024. This amount is deducted from your Social Security benefit.

You’re not required to enroll in Part B if you have creditable coverage from another source, such as an employer or spouse’s employer. If you don’t enroll and don’t have creditable coverage from another source, you may have to pay a penalty if you enroll later.

Medicare Part B begins to pay after an annual deductible of $240 in 2024. Once you meet the deductible, you pay 20% for services, provided your doctor accepts the Medicare-approved amount as full payment.

Warning

There is no cap on this out-of-pocket expense. If, for example, you racked up $100,000 in medical bills in a given year, you would need to pay $20,000. This is on top of any charges incurred under the Part A and D umbrellas. There is no lifetime maximum.

Kathryn B. Hauer, a financial advisor at Wilson David Investment Advisors and the author of Financial Advice for Blue Collar America, warns that devastating illnesses such as cancer can wreck your finances in retirement and urges Medicare recipients to consider supplementary coverage. She notes that Medicare users without Medigap coverage spend 25% to 64% of their income on medical expenses.

What Parts A and B Don’t Cover

Medicare Part A and Part B do not cover services such as dental care, eye exams, and hearing aids. Critically, traditional Medicare does not cover long-term care for those who live in an assisted-living facility or nursing home or require assisted living at their home. However, Vice President Kamala Harris has proposed that Medicare pay for more in-home health care services for older people.

However, Medicare will cover acute-care hospital services for patients who are transferred from an intensive care or critical care unit. Services covered could include head trauma treatment or respiratory therapy. As mentioned earlier, a deductible applies, and benefits taper out after 60 days.

53%-65%

The percentage of people age 65 and over who will need longer-term care at some point.

Carlos Dias Jr., founder and managing partner of Dias Wealth, notes that Medicare was never intended to provide long-term care. “To take care of these expenses, look into long-term care insurance,” Dias says.

He advises retirees to look for a life insurance policy with a long-term care rider, a specifically designed long-term care annuity (versus an annuity with a chronic care rider), or even a life settlement, which will convert an old life insurance policy into funds that can be used for long-term care.

Medicare Part C: Medicare Advantage

Medicare Part C, also known as Medicare Advantage, is offered by private insurers under contract with the federal government and typically provides a bundle of Medicare Part A, Part B, and Part D, the prescription drug benefit.

If you sign up for a Medicare Advantage plan, you continue paying your Part B premium. Whether you need to pay an additional premium depends on your provider.

The key benefits of Medicare Advantage versus original Medicare include additional services, such as dental and vision care. However, some plans do not offer Part D coverage, and there are other pitfalls to Medicare Advantage plans, such as a limited network of doctors.

If you sign up for Medicare Part C, you can elect to have payments deducted from your Social Security benefit along with fees associated with the Part D benefit. If your Medicare Part C premium is lower than what you would pay under Part B, the Social Security Administration takes the difference into account.

Medicare Part D: Prescription Drugs

Medicare Part D is an optional prescription drug benefit administered by private insurance companies and is usually included in Medicare Advantage plans. Depending on your plan, you may need to pay a yearly deductible before eligible drug costs are covered, and some Part D plans have a co-pay.

Medicare prescription drug plans have a coverage gap sometimes called the Medicare Donut Hole. This describes when Medicare recipients begin to pay more for prescription drugs due to hitting a spending threshold. In 2024, this threshold was set at $5,030. Once you and your plan spend that amount on Part D drugs, you have entered the donut hole and will pay 25% for drugs going forward.

Once your out-of-pocket costs reach the second threshold of $8,000 in 2024, you are out of the donut hole, and “catastrophic coverage” begins. No coinsurance or copayment is owed for the rest of the year once $8,000 in spending is reached.

In 2025, the donut hole will be largely eliminated in favor of a $2,000 limit on out-of-pocket Part D drug spending. Once you hit that threshold, you’ll pay nothing else out of pocket for the year.

Medicare Advantage vs. Medigap

If you only have Medicare Parts A and B, you might consider supplementary private insurance to help cover your out-of-pocket costs such as copays, coinsurance, and deductibles. This is where Medigap supplementary insurance comes in. While Medicare Part C works as an alternative to your original Medicare plan, Medigap works together with Parts A and B and helps fill in any coverage gaps.

There are a few important things to know about Medigap. First, you must have Medicare Parts A and B before buying a Medigap policy, as it is a supplement to Medicare and not a stand-alone policy. Secondly, you and your spouse must buy separate policies. 

Also, insurance companies can only sell a “standardized” Medigap policy. These policies are regulated by federal and state laws and provide a standard level of benefits. However, prices differ among providers, so it’s important to shop around.

“I recommend that my clients purchase Medigap policies to cover their needs,” says MoneyCoach founder Patrick Traverse. “Even though the premiums are higher, it is much easier to plan for them than what could be a large out-of-pocket outlay they might have to face if they had lesser coverage.”

Frequenty Asked Questions

Will Medicare Cover Everything I Need?

It depends. Original Medicare (Part A and Part B) will not cover long-term care, routine dental or eye care, dentures, or hearing aids. To have fuller coverage, it is important to look into additional options like Medicare Advantage (Part C) or Medigap coverage.

Does Medicare Cover Long-Term Care?

No. Medicare (and most health insurance) does not pay for long-term medical or assisted living care, which is also called “custodial care.” 

What Are the Different Types of Medicare?

There are four parts to Medicare: Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D. Part A is hospital insurance and covers hospital stays, skilled nursing facilities, hospice care, and home health care. Part B covers medical services such as visits to the doctor, outpatient care, home health care, medical equipment, and preventive services. Part D provides prescription drug benefits. Part C, also known as Medicare Advantage, is provided by a private company and typically provides a bundle of Part A, Part B, and Part D services. It may also provide non-covered services such as hearing, dental, and vision care.

Read the original article on Investopedia.