Floating Rate vs. Fixed Rate: An Overview
All of the volume traded in the currency markets trades around an exchange rate, the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. In other words, it is the value of another country’s currency compared to that of your own.
If you are traveling to another country, you need to “buy” the local currency. Just like the price of any asset, the exchange rate is the price at which you can buy that currency. If you are traveling to Egypt, for example, and the exchange rate for U.S. dollars is 1:5.5 Egyptian pounds, this means that for every U.S. dollar, you can buy five and a half Egyptian pounds.
Theoretically, identical assets should sell at the same price in different countries, because the exchange rate must maintain the inherent value of one currency against the other.
Fixed exchange rates mean that two currencies will always be exchanged at the same price while floating exchange rates mean that the prices between each currency can change depending on market factors; primarily supply and demand.
Key Takeaways
- A floating exchange rate is determined by the private market through supply and demand.
- A fixed, or pegged, rate is a rate the government (central bank) sets and maintains as the official exchange rate.
- The reasons to peg a currency are linked to stability. Especially in today’s developing nations, a country may decide to peg its currency to create a stable atmosphere for foreign investment.
Fixed Rate
A fixed, or pegged, rate is a rate the government (central bank) sets and maintains as the official exchange rate. A set price will be determined against a major world currency (usually the U.S. dollar, but also other major currencies such as the euro, the yen, or a basket of currencies).
In order to maintain the local exchange rate, the central bank buys and sells its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the currency to which it is pegged.
If, for example, it is determined that the value of a single unit of local currency is equal to U.S. $3, the central bank will have to ensure that it can supply the market with those dollars. In order to maintain the rate, the central bank must keep a high level of foreign reserves.
This is a reserved amount of foreign currency held by the central bank that it can use to release (or absorb) extra funds into (or out of) the market. This ensures an appropriate money supply, appropriate fluctuations in the market (inflation/deflation), and ultimately, the exchange rate. The central bank can also adjust the official exchange rate when necessary.
Floating Rate
Unlike the fixed rate, a floating exchange rate is determined by the private market through supply and demand. A floating rate is often termed “self-correcting,” as any differences in supply and demand will automatically be corrected in the market.
Look at this simplified model: if demand for a currency is low, its value will decrease, thus making imported goods more expensive and stimulating demand for local goods and services. This, in turn, will generate more jobs, causing an auto-correction in the market. A floating exchange rate is constantly changing.
In reality, no currency is wholly fixed or floating. In a fixed regime, market pressures can also influence changes in the exchange rate. Sometimes, when a local currency reflects its true value against its pegged currency, an underground market (which is more reflective of actual supply and demand) may develop.
A central bank will often then be forced to revalue or devalue the official rate so that the rate is in line with the unofficial one, thereby halting the activity of the illegal market.
In a floating regime, the central bank may also intervene when it is necessary to ensure stability and avoid inflation; however, it is less often that the central bank of a floating regime will interfere.
Special Considerations
Between 1870 and 1914, there was a global fixed exchange rate. This was implemented by the four major industrial powers: Germany, Britain, France, and the U.S. Currencies were linked to gold, meaning that the value of the local currency was fixed at a set exchange rate to gold ounces.
This was known as the gold standard. This allowed for unrestricted capital mobility as well as global stability in currencies and trade; however, with the start of World War I, the gold standard was abandoned.
In 1944, the “Bretton Woods Conference”—an effort to generate global economic stability and increase global trade—established the basic rules and regulations governing international exchange. As such, an international monetary system, embodied in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was established to promote foreign trade and to maintain the monetary stability of countries and, therefore, that of the global economy.
Note
The U.S. dollar is the world’s reserve currency due to its stability and high demand.
It was agreed that currencies would once again be fixed, or pegged, but this time to the U.S. dollar, which in turn was pegged to gold at $35 per ounce. This meant that the value of a currency was directly linked with the value of the U.S. dollar.
So, if you needed to buy Japanese yen, the value of the yen would be expressed in U.S. dollars, whose value, in turn, was determined by the value of gold. If a country needed to readjust the value of its currency, it could approach the IMF to adjust the pegged value of its currency.
The peg was maintained until 1971 when the U.S. dollar could no longer hold the value of the pegged rate of $35 per ounce of gold.
From then on, major governments adopted a floating system, and all attempts to move back to a global peg were eventually abandoned in 1985. Since then, no major economies have gone back to a peg, and the use of gold as a peg has been completely abandoned.
Historical Downside of Fixed Rates
The reasons to peg a currency are linked to stability. Especially in today’s developing nations, a country may decide to peg its currency to create a stable atmosphere for foreign investment. With a peg, the investor will always know what their investment’s value is and will not have to worry about daily fluctuations.
Fixed regimes, however, can often lead to severe financial crises, since a peg is difficult to maintain in the long run. This was seen in the Mexican (1994), Asian (1997), and Russian (1997) financial crises, where an attempt to maintain a high value of the local currency to the peg resulted in the currencies eventually becoming overvalued.
This meant that the governments could no longer meet the demands to convert the local currency into foreign currency at the pegged rate.
Important
A pegged currency can help lower inflation rates and generate demand, which results from greater confidence in the stability of the currency.
With speculation and panic, investors scrambled to get their money out and convert it into foreign currency before the local currency was devalued against the peg; foreign reserve supplies eventually became depleted.
In Mexico’s case, the government was forced to devalue the peso by 35%. In Thailand, the government eventually had to allow the currency to float, and, by the end of 1997, the resulting depreciation of the Thai baht resulted in east Asian currencies losing their value by 35% to 83% against the dollar.
Countries with pegs are often associated with having unsophisticated capital markets and weak regulating institutions. The peg is there to help create stability in such an environment. It takes a stronger system as well as a mature market to maintain a float.
When a country is forced to devalue its currency, it is also required to proceed with some form of economic reform, like implementing greater transparency, in an effort to strengthen its financial institutions.
Variations on Fixed Rates
Some governments may choose to have a “floating,” or “crawling” peg, whereby the government reassesses the value of the peg periodically and then changes the peg rate accordingly. Usually, this causes devaluation, but it is controlled to avoid market panic.
This method is often used in the transition from a peg to a floating regime, and it allows the government to “save face” by not being forced to devalue in an uncontrollable crisis.
Although the peg has worked in creating global trade and monetary stability, it was used only at a time when all the major economies were a part of it. While a floating regime is not without its flaws, it has proven to be a more efficient means of determining the long-term value of a currency and creating equilibrium in the international market.
Is a Fixed Rate or Floating Exchange Rate Better?
Fixed exchange rates work well for growing economies that do not have a stable monetary policy. Fixed exchange rates help bring stability to a country’s economy and attract foreign investment. Floating exchange rates work better for countries that already have a stable and effective monetary policy.
Is the U.S. Dollar a Fixed or Floating Exchange Rate?
The U.S. dollar is a floating currency, much like most of the major currencies in the world. The value of the dollar floats with its demand in the global currency markets. At one point, the U.S. dollar was a fixed currency with its peg to the value of gold.
What Are the Advantages of a Floating Exchange Rate?
Advantages of a floating exchange rate include a lesser need for reserves, the avoidance of inflation, and monetary and fiscal bodies allowed to pursue internal controls, such as full employment.
The Bottom Line
Fixed and floating exchange rates refer to the different exchange rate regimes that countries use to maintain their currency on the world market. A floating currency is allowed to rise or fall depending on global demand, while a fixed currency maintains its value through a government-enforced peg.
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